Rehabilitation of arid and semi-arid rangelands need particular species which are well-adapted to unsuitable regional and ecological condition and can produce enough forages for livestock, rich in nutrition and palatability as well. Atriplex canescens, an exotic evergreen species which is resistant to drought and chilling, has been planted in some rangelands of Iran for several years. Major objectives of this experiment were to determine the best seeding date for producing seedlings and proper young plants for transplanting. Complete Randomized Design with treatment of seeding dates and 3 replications were used in this study. Four characteristics including percentage survivals, plant height, root length and number of branches were measured and analysed statistically. Overall data indicated that mid-August is the best seeding date for desert condition of the study area.

This 3tudy was carried out to evaluate the yield potential and other agronomic traits of nine genotypes of flax at two different spring planting dates: April 4 and May 5, 2003 and 2004, using a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Shahrekord University. The results showed that the effects of planting date and genotypes were significant on all of the traits, and the genotypes had a great genetic variation. On average, the range of number of seedlings/m2,maturity, plant height, yield/plant, seed yield and seed oil content of genotypes were 306 to 464,93.3 to 105.1 days, 28.8 to 58.2cm, 0.274 to 0.569g, 995 to 1423 kg/ha and 32.88 to 34.83%, respectively. The lowest mean of plant height and the highest mean of seed yield/ha were observed for Kordestan local population. Late planting significantly decreased the number of seedlings/m2, days to maturity, plant height, yield/plant and seed yield/ha, while this increased seed oil content. Average of seed yield/plant and seed yield/ha in the first and second planting dates were, respectively 0.506 and 0.414g, and 1598 and 811 kg/ha. Significant interaction of genotype by planting date for seed yield/ha and seed oil content was mostly due to the variation in the reduction of seed yield and increasing or decreasing of seed oil content in some genotypes in the second planting date. The genotypes had a variation of 1358 to 1784 and 632 to 1088 kg/ha for seed yield in the first and second planting dates, respectively. The local population of Kordestan bad the highest mean of seed yield in both years. The results of regression analysis and also the correlation coefficients showed that the number of seedlings/m2 and seed yield/plant bad the most contribution to the seed yield variation. The trait of number of seeds/capsule and number of capsules/plant were the main and most important yield components affected on seed yield/plant and due to can be used as selection criteria in selection programs to improve seed yield.

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different seeding dates of Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) on its seed and forage productions. In this study, five seeding dates in 2 weeks intervals from October 1 to November 30 during 2002 to 2003 were used. The results showed that seeding dates significantly effect on seed and forage production in 2 years of experiment. Seeding on October 1 and October 15 were the best for either seed or forage production. Differences between two years of experiment were significant. Yield production in second year was more than that of first year. Interactions between seeding date and year was not significant. Therefore, it should recommend that planting of berseem clover during October 1 to October 15 is the best date for the Mazandaran environmental conditions.

Background and Objectives The use of transplanting is a safe method for adequate crop establishment. Its benefits include increasing yield, reducing the growing season, improving weed control, increasing water use efficiency, improving seedling establishment and increasing crop growth rate. Transplanting increases crop yield compared with direct seeding, this compensates for more cost of transplanting. Transplanting also increases maize yield compared with direct seeding through increasing radiation use efficiency and harvest index. The experiment was aimed to assess direct seeding and transplanting system under the usual time and early planting date for achieving maximum maize seed yield and dry matter. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at Research Greenhouse and Field, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during two years (2015 and 2016). In the first year, factors included three planting methods (seeding, 4-week transplanting and 6-week transplanting) and two sowing dates (early sowing, common date sowing). In the second year, treatments included 6-week transplanting at early sowing (superior treatment in the first year) and seeding (control). Studied traits included plant height, leaf number, fresh weight, dry weight, stomatal conductance, SPAD, chlorophyll, leaf area, leaf relative water content and yield traits such as ear weight, ear length and diameter, seed number per ear row, row number per ear, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Data were analyzed by SAS software. Means were compared using LSD test. Results The first year results showed that early sowing increased plant height, SPAD index and specific leaf weight compared to usual sowing date. 6-week transplanting at early sowing had the highest dry matter production and leaf to stem ratio. The second year results showed that transplanting increased the leaf number, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, ear length, ear diameter, seed number per ear row, row number per ear, ear weight, seed yield, 100-seed weight and tassel weight compared to direct seeding. Discussion Yield increase in transplanting was probably due to high leaf area and plant height that plants greatly used environmental conditions such as light and water. So seed number per ear row, row number per ear and ear length were high. In conclusion, 6-week transplanting at early sowing (29 March) is suggested to achieve the highest seed yield in Kermanshah. Maize transplant ages except the ages studied in the experiment are recommended for the next experiments.

The objective of this study was to find out the changes between the weight of .one thousand seeds, germination power and the effect of planting time on the beginning of germination and the period germination in seed-bed. Experimental design was conducted by randomized complete block designs with six replicates and six treatments in four years. The difference between the weight of one thousand seeds and their germination power in different years was significant. The most weight and power was found in 1994 and the least was in 1996. Planting time, year and interaction between them had a significant effect on the beginning of germination. Years had not a significant effect on the period of germination. Planting time and interaction between planting time and year had a significant effect on the period of germination. Comparison between the averages of period germination showed planting times from 5 MAR to 4 APR had not a significant effect on the period germination.

Direct seeding of canola after summer crops has not proved to be suitable, because of low establishment. This experiment was carried out in order to compare of direct seeding and transplanting methods of canola hybrid Hayola 308 in Khuzestan agricultural research center during 2002 and 2003 cropping cycles. A strip plot arrangement in randomized complete block design was used, with 5 planting dates (Oct, 10 and 20, Nov.1, 10and 20) as horizontal plots and two direct seeding and transplanting methods as vertical plots. Means comparison showed that 40 days delay in sowing date lead to increasing of 3.5 days of sowing to germination interval and 11.4 and 33.0 days in flowering and maturity respectively. It also decreased pods per plants by 35.9, grains per pods by 2.7, grain yield to 1762.5 kg/ha and oil yield to 938 kg/ha. The transplanting method increased duration to flowering by 1.9 days, pods per plant 57.2 and grains per pod by 1.4, grain yield by 492 kg/ha and oil yield by 162.6 kg/ha. The interaction between sowing dates and planting methods showed that there are significant differences interactions between direct seeding and transplanting methods especially in late sowing dates. Considering economic yield, planting date of canola is recommended from Oct.10 to Nov. 1. Using transplanting method Nov. 10 until Nov. 20 would be suitable. In addition, transplanting method of canola is recommended for recovering the no or low established patches in the field.

Production in areas under rainfed cultivation is always associated with different constraints that among them, changes in precipitation and air temperature from year to year are widespread and uncontrollable. In this regard, the current study was conducted in order to compare conservation and conventional tillage methods on wheat yield in sowing dates before and after effective autumn rainfall. The experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions in two years 2018 to 2020. Experimental treatments included planting time as main plots with two levels D1= before rainfall and D2= after rainfall tillage method as sub-plots including T1= conservative and T2= conventional and seeding rate as sub-sub-plots including S1= 200, S2=300 and S3= 400 seeds. The results demonstrated that although the planting date and seeding rate had no significant effect on the studied traits, the values obtained from the cultivation before rainfall and under 300 and 400 seeding rates were remarkably better. Tillage method caused a significant difference in grain yield and biomass of treatments 3634 and 8394 kg. ha-1, respectively, whereas conventional tillage the values were 2819 and 6114 kg. ha-1. Conservation tillage and cultivation before rainfall associated by using 300 seeds/m2 led to the highest values in number of plants, spikes, and 1000-grain weight compared to conventional method and cultivation before rainfall. Consequently, considering the cost of production, pre-autumn rainfall sowing under conservation tillage and with a 300 seeds/m2 is recommended for Gachsaran region.

Introduction: Despite of introducing of suitable chickpea cultivars for autumn planting in cold drylands of the country, still planting of chickpeas is dominantly done during the spring. There is a short window for crop growth in dry and semi dry lands which cover majority of the country. Climate change has made this shorter and probability of marginal drought stress has been increased dramatically. In the other hand, presence of weeds during different plant growth stage increase competition for soil humidity and causes a decrease in yield. Short growth period and lack of appropriate management could lead to uneconomic chickpea production. Therefore, different planting dates and weed control were investigated in order to achieve the highest yield of chickpea Jam cultivar. Methodology: This research was conducted as a complete randomized blocks design with four replications under Naghadeh dryland conditions. Planting dates included three levels (autumn, dormant and spring seeding) which were assumed as fixed factor and weed control included two levels (mechanical control of weeds and no-control) were implemented. Experimental plots included 6 rows 3 meters length spacing 25 cm from each other. The planting time was October 6 (autumn), December 19 (dormant seeding) and March 24 (spring seeding). 20 (kg/ha) nitrogen from urea and 40 (kg/ha) phosphorous from superphosphate sources were applied as starter in the autumn based on soil analysis results. Some agronomic characteristics were noted along growth and harvesting times and combined statistical analysis were completed using SPSS software. Research findings: The highest grain yield and water productivity index were related to the mutual effects of dormant planting date in weed control, with an average yield of 1334 kg/ha and 3. 64, respectively. Also, the highest yield energy of chickpea seeds was related to the mutual effects of dormant planting date treatments in weed control with an average of 2721 kcal/ha. The results showed that dormant planting of Jam cultivar has relative superiority over spring and autumn plantings regarding the measured indicators.

Cerebellar pilocytic Astrocytoma is a benign tumor, acounts for 80% of all cerebellar Astrocytoma, and has a relatively good prognosis. This tumor usually presents with Ataxia and in the case of hydrocephaly with raised intracranial pressure signs such as headeach, and vomiting. Treatment of this tumor is complete resection and if hydrocephally is present V.P. shunt should be inserted. In the case of recurrence or tumor seeding radiotherapy is recommended. Seeding of cerbellar Astrocytoma has been reported rarerly. Spontaneous regression of chiasmatic pilocytic Astrocytoma associated with neurofibromatosis type I has been reported but Spontaneous regression of cerebellar Astrocytic tumor without neurofibromatosis has been reported very rarely in the literature. In this report a young patient with seeding of cerebellar Astrocytoma in the lumbosacral region with severe neurological deficit who has recovered spontaneously without any treatment is presented. This case is intresting for both seeding and spontaneous regression of tumor.